The meaning of colors is not a simple and exact body of knowledge. Even during the Renaissance and Medieval periods, the meanings of colors were debated (more about this below the list). So, consider yourself forewarned about the vagaries of color symbolism in clothing. The list below, while not comprehensive, does provide ideas from secondary sources about what different colors represented and how they were used.
- Reds - Renaissance
- High social status, royalty, gentlemen, men of justice. (1)
- Worn by judges and similar persons (Scotland, the Holy Roman Empire, England’s Court of Common Pleas, occasionally by peers in English Parliament); royal magistrates, king’s chancellor (France); high government posts (Venice and Florence). (2)
- Cosmopolitan man with access to international trading centers. (3)
- Power and prestige. (4)
- In the Church, red was a symbol of authority, Pentecostal fire, the blood of Christ, martyrdom, crucifixion, Christian charity. Also, could symbolize the satanic and color of hellfire. (5)
- At the universities of Padua and Bologna, red was symbolic of medicine. (6)
- High social status, royalty, gentlemen, men of justice. (1)
- Reds - Medieval
- ’A lover wears vermilion, like blood’ (later Middle Ages). (7)
- A sign of otherworldly power in European legends and folktales. Also, protection: red thread to ward off witches, red coral necklaces to guard against illness. (8)
- Sometimes the color of the Virgin Mary’s robes. (5)
- The color of kings, identified with kingly virtues of valor and success in war. Also, fire. (9)
- A rich man. (10)
- ’A lover wears vermilion, like blood’ (later Middle Ages). (7)
- Oranges - Renaissance
- The peasants and middle ranked persons imitated upper class reds by dyeing their Renaissance clothes with cheaper orange-red and russet dyes. (11)
- The peasants and middle ranked persons imitated upper class reds by dyeing their Renaissance clothes with cheaper orange-red and russet dyes. (11)
- Oranges - Medieval - nothing currently noted.
- Yellows - Renaissance
- In almost all Italian cities, a prostitute was required to wear yellow. (6)
- In Venice, Jews were required to sew a yellow circle onto clothing. (6)
- In almost all Italian cities, a prostitute was required to wear yellow. (6)
- Yellows - Medieval
- In later Middle Ages, a harmonious color expressing the balance between the red of justice and the white of compassion. (12)
- Late 1300s in Venice, a prostitute is known by her yellow dress. (13)
- In later Middle Ages, a harmonious color expressing the balance between the red of justice and the white of compassion. (12)
- Greens - Renaissance
- Youth, especially in May. (6)
- In the secular sphere, chastity. (14)
- Love and joy. (4)
- Youth, especially in May. (6)
- Greens - Medieval – nothing currently noted.
- Blues - Renaissance
- Light blue represented a young marriageable woman. (6)
- In England, blue was the traditional color of servitude. Servants or members of a City company were to wear bright blue or gray Renaissance clothing. (15)
- Indigo or deep blue means chastity in the sacred sphere. (14)
- “. . . turquoise was a sure sign of jealousy . . .” (4)
- Light blue represented a young marriageable woman. (6)
- Blues - Medieval
- In the late Middle Ages, blue replaced royal purple in the mantle of the Virgin Mary and robes and heraldry (especially in France). (16)
- A lover wears blue for fidelity (late Middle Ages). (7)
- By the 1300s, peasants owned blue Medieval clothing due to woad dye being readily available. (17)
- Early Middle Ages, blue was associated with darkness, evil. Later blue was associated with light. (18)
- In the late Middle Ages, blue replaced royal purple in the mantle of the Virgin Mary and robes and heraldry (especially in France). (16)
- Purples - Renaissance and Medieval
- During the Renaissance, the Medici family in Florence, Italy wore purple. (6)
- Since Antiquity, the color of kings and emperors, but mostly nonexistent in Renaissance and Medieval era due to near extinction of the snail used to make imperial purple. Imperial purple disappeared in 1453. (9)
- During the Renaissance, the Medici family in Florence, Italy wore purple. (6)
- Browns - Renaissance
- Modest and religious dress. (19)
- Beige was the color of poverty. (20)
- In England, dull browns were worn by lower classes. (15)
- Modest and religious dress. (19)
- Browns - Medieval - nothing currently noted.
- Grays - Renaissance
- Modest and religious dress. (17)
- The color of poverty. (20)
- Female slaves in 1400s Florence were constrained to wear course woolens and no bright colors. (21)
- In England, servants or members of a City company were to wear bright blue or gray. Grays for the lower classes. (15)
- Modest and religious dress. (17)
- Grays - Medieval
- Color of peasant clothing (eighth century, by order of Charlemagne). (21)
- Color of peasant clothing (eighth century, by order of Charlemagne). (21)
- Blacks - Renaissance
- Seriousness. (22)
- Mourning. (6)
- Color of clothing for nobility and wealthy, representing refinement and distinction. (23)
- Worn by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgandy after 1419 as a symbol to the French that he did not forget the death of his father. “His black is at once dangerous, retributive . . .” (24)
Painting of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy by Rogier van der Weyden, from a dedication page of the Chroniques de Hainault, 1400-1464. [Public domain], via Wikimedia.(25)
- Worn by king’s ministers as a sign of their selves being submitted to the will of the king. Also, symbolizes defeat, humiliation and humility. (26)
- In the 1400s, black began to suggest smartness, importance, sophistication, great dignity and state. Also, sad, melancholy, a humble color worn by mourners and monks. An expensive color to produce indicating social distinction and thus not worn by the lower classes. (26)
- In the 1400s, merchants regularly wear black. (27)
- Traditional color of Venice, and attributed to piety and virtue. Piety, to a Venetian, was that which increased the empire. (28)
- A high fashion color in the mid-1500s. (29)
- A Venetian senator wore black. (13)
- In Genoa, Italy, the Doge and aristocracy wore black. (6)
- In England, lower class women wore primarily black. (15)
- Seriousness. (22)
- Blacks - Medieval
- Black worn by a melancholy lover yearning with love. (7)
- Color of peasant clothing (eighth century, by order of Charlemagne). Note that the quality of black may not be the same as the black referenced above for the Renaissance period, thus less expensive and accessible to peasants. (21)
- According to Pope Innocent III about 1200, black is color of penance and mourning, used for Advent and Lent. (30)
- The color of mourning in Brittany. (6)
- Black worn by a melancholy lover yearning with love. (7)
- Whites - Renaissance
- White is purity for women and chastity for men. (6)
- At the universities of Padua and Bologna, white was symbolic of the humanities. (6)
- White is purity for women and chastity for men. (6)
- Whites - Medieval
- A lover wears white for purity (later Middle Ages). (7)
- According to Pope Innocent III about 1200, white is color of innocence and purity, and was used on the feasts of the Virgin. (30)
- Compassion (later Middle Ages). (32)
- In France, white was the color of mourning. (33)
- A lover wears white for purity (later Middle Ages). (7)
Why Color Symbols are not Always in Agreement
Color symbolism during the Renaissance and Medieval periods has much in common with color symbolism today. Consider, for example, the current meanings of colors. In present-day U.S. culture, black is usually associated with mourning, unless it is in the form of a little, black cocktail dress in which case it signifies sophistication and elegance. White means purity in the form of a wedding dress, unless you are in China or Japan where it means mourning. Blue is for feeling sad unless you win a blue first prize ribbon. Green is for youth and it also means ‘go’ at a stoplight. (34) Stop at red and yet on Valentine’s Day send your loved one a red heart. (35)
In a similar manner, the symbolic meanings of color during the Renaissance and Medieval periods differed over time, and depended on local culture and geographic area. As John Gage points out in his book Color and Meaning, colour-perceptions are unstable, making it difficult to confidently name colour-meanings and preferences in cultures. (36)
The primary problem for students of the Renaissance and Medieval era is a lack of universally agreed-upon symbols. Not only was there more than one system of color symbols in place, but the different systems contradicted each other. For instance, “The regal purple of Christ’s robe may be the same as the scarlet of sin.”(37) Or another example, in the 1500s, writers in Venice, Italy “. . . began to compare the various opinions and to find that they had very little in common. In a series of dialogues on love, where, of course, the expressive force of colours was seen to play a vital role, Mario Equicola in 1525 admitted the dangers of talking of colours at all, because of the differences in ancient and modern terms and because different authorities gave different equivalents for the colours of the elements or the planets; worse, ‘the meanings of colours are somewhat different among the Italians, the Spanish and the French’. . . An assortment of colours according to their meaning, said Morato, might even have a very disagreeable aesthetic effect.”(38)
Nevertheless, it is possible to see that some colors were considered more valuable and had more significant meanings than others. Often these were the colors with high economic value, like red and purple. Since, the economic values tended to be the same for much of Europe, general conclusions can be drawn. However, if historical accuracy for clothing colors is important, then focusing a particular region and time period is recommended.
Sources
1. Jill Condra, ed., The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History, vol. 2, 1501-1800 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), 17 -18. Available from http://books.google.com/. Internet. Accessed 4 June 2009.
2. Amy Butler Greenfield, A Perfect Red: Empire, Espionage, and the Quest for the Color of Desire (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005), 25.
3. Lisa Jardine, Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 31.
4. Amy Butler Greenfield, A Perfect Red . . ., 19.
5. Amy Butler Greenfield, A Perfect Red . . ., 22.
6. Jill Condra, ed., The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History, vol. 2 . . ., 18.
7. John Harvey, Men in Black (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995), 51.
8. Amy Butler Greenfield, A Perfect Red . . ., 21.
9. Amy Butler Greenfield, A Perfect Red . . ., 23.
10. Georges Duby and Philippe Aries, eds., A History of Private Life: Revelations of the Medieval World (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1988), 579.
11. Amy Butler Greenfield, A Perfect Red . . ., 27-28.
12. John Gage, Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction (Boston: Bulfinch Press Book, 1993), 63.
13. Georges Duby and Philippe Aries, eds., A History of Private Life: Revelations of the Medieval World. . ., 569.
14. Lisa Jardine, Worldly Goods . . , 15.
15. Paul F. Grendler, ed., Encyclopedia of the Renaissance, vol 2, Clothing, by Sarah Covington (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons in association with the Renaissance Society of America, 1999), 29.
16. John Gage, Color and Meaning: Art, Science, and Symbolism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 15.
17. Jill Condra, ed., The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History vol. 1, Prehistory to 1500 CE (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), 202. Available from http://books.google.com/. Internet. Accessed 7 February 7, 2011.
18. John Gage, Color and Meaning . . ., 57.
19. Jill Condra, ed., The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History, vol. 2 . . ., 17.
20. Amy Butler Greenfield, A Perfect Red . . ., 9.
21. Amy Butler Greenfield, A Perfect Red . . ., 10.
22. Victoria Finlay, Color: A Natural History of the Palette (New York: Ballantine Books, 2002), 97.
23. John Gage, Color and Meaning . . ., 31.
24. John Harvey, Men in Black . . ., 52 - 54.
25. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Van_der_weyden_miniature.jpg
26. John Harvey, Men in Black . . ., 55.
27. John Harvey, Men in Black . . ., 63.
28. John Harvey, Men in Black . . ., 67-68.
29. John Gage, Color and Meaning . . ., 50.
30. John Gage, Color and Meaning . . ., 70.
32. John Gage, Color and Culture. . . ., 63.
33. Georges Duby and Philippe Aries, eds., A History of Private Life: Revelations of the Medieval World . . ., 580.
34. Pearson Education, Inc., “What Colors Mean,” Fact Monster, 2007 [on-line article]; available from http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0769383.html; Internet; accessed 18 June 2009.
35. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., “Color Symbolism,” 18 November 2010 [on-line article]; available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_symbolism; Internet; accessed 19 January 2011.
36. John Gage, Color and Meaning . . ., 33.
37. John Gage, Color and Culture . . ., 83.
38. John Gage, Color and Culture . . ., 120.
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